Rice's Whale

Species Status

First recognized in the Gulf of Mexico in 1965, Rice’s whales were assumed to be a part of the broadly distributed Bryde’s whale complex which occurs in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. After many other large whale species became depleted by commercial whaling, whalers began targeting Bryde’s whales in the 1900’s. Between 1911 and 1987, over 30,000 Bryde’s whales were killed worldwide by commercial whalers.

Genetic analyses recently determined that the Gulf of Mexico population is distinct from other Bryde’s whale populations. Based on genetics analyses and new morphological information, scientists have recognized the Gulf of Mexico Bryde’s whale as a new species, with the name Rice’s whale (Balaenoptera ricei). The common name and species name honors the renowned cetologist Dale W. Rice, who, in 1965, was the first researcher to recognize that Bryde’s whales are present in the Gulf of Mexico. The name ‘Gulf of Mexico whale‘ has also been suggested for this species.

The population size of the Rice’s whale is estimated to number only 51 individuals. They occur in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, along the shelf break in waters between 100 and 400 meters deep within the De Soto Canyon region off the Florida Panhandle. Genetic analyses have determined that the Gulf of Mexico population is genetically distinct from other Bryde’s whale populations. The Rice’s whale is one of the most endangered large whales in the world.

Rice’s whales are threatened by vessel strikes, acoustic disturbance from seismic airguns and other oil and gas-related activities, military training activities, vessel noise, entanglement in commercial fishing and aquaculture gear, marine debris, and pollution from agricultural runoff and oil spills in the Gulf of Mexico.

A petition to list the northern Gulf of Mexico stock of Bryde’s whale (i.e., Rice’s whale) as endangered under the  Endangered Species Act (ESA) was submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in 2014. NMFS subsequently initiated a status review of Bryde’s whales under the ESA, which was finalized in December 2016. The status review determined that the Gulf of Mexico Bryde’s whale is taxonomically a subspecies of the Bryde’s whale complex, thus meeting the ESA’s definition of a species. Based on the Gulf of Mexico Bryde’s whale’s small population (likely fewer than 100 individuals), its life history characteristics, its extremely limited distribution, and its vulnerability to existing threats, NMFS determined that the Gulf of Mexico Bryde’s whale was in danger of extinction throughout all of its range. In April 2019, NMFS listed the Gulf of Mexico Bryde’s whale as endangered.

NMFS published a final rule establishing the name change from Bryde’s whale (Gulf of Mexico subspecies) to Rice’s whale under the ESA in August 2021. The immediate next steps are the development of a recovery plan and designation of critical habitat under the ESA. In the interim, NMFS has prepared a guidance document to direct recovery efforts for the Rice’s whale until a recovery plan has been developed.

In the Fall of 2021, NMFS held a series of recovery planning workshops to seek input from experts and stakeholders on (1) approaches for recovery planning that address the challenges relevant to the recovery of the listed species in its current and foreseeable environment; (2) development of possible recovery criteria that would indicate when the species should be considered for delisting; and (3) development of suggested recovery actions to reduce and/or ameliorate the threats to these listed whales. A summary of the recovery planning workshops is now available.

What the Commission Is Doing

The Marine Mammal Commission is working with NMFS and other partners in the Gulf of Mexico to expand research and monitoring efforts for all marine mammals.

Commission staff recently served on a NMFS Steering Committee to convene experts and stakeholders in a series of workshops to identify recovery criteria and recovery actions for the Rice’s whale, as part of NMFS’s recovery planning efforts. Those workshops were held in October and November of 2021, and a summary of the workshops is now available.

Commission staff also served as one of two technical monitors on a RESTORE Act Science Program-funded project to evaluate Trophic Interactions and Habitat Requirements of Gulf of Mexico Rice’s Whales. The NMFS Southeast Fisheries Science Center, along with its partners from Florida International University and Scripps Institution of Ocenography, conducted the project from 2017 to 2021. The shipboard surveys conducted visual sightings, passive acoustic monitoring, tagging, prey characterization from echosounders and net tows, and the collection of biological samples. The field work focused on habitat characterization in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. Outcomes will include an improved understanding of population status, identification of habitat features and characteristics, and a better understanding of the risk of exposure to human activities. A video presentation summarizing research from the RESTORE Science Program is available on the project website, along with additional information about the project.

In April 2015, the Commission held a meeting to identify high priority, overarching data needs and to identify potential funding sources and opportunities for expanding marine mammal research and monitoring in the Gulf. Presentations and a summary of the meeting are available here.

Commission Reports and Publications

Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Research and Monitoring Meeting Summary (Marine Mammal Commission 2015)

Assessing the Long-term Effects of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Marine Mammals in the Gulf of Mexico: A Statement of Research Needs (Marine Mammal Commission 2011)

Commission Letters

Learn More

Threats

The Rice’s whale is threatened by vessel strikes, acoustic disturbance from seismic airguns and other oil and gas-related activities, military activities, entanglement in fishing gear and aquaculture nets, marine debris, vessel noise, oil spills, and pollution.

Rice’s whale sightings and strandings are rare, but on 29 January 2019, a 38-foot male stranded in the Florida Everglades. A necropsy of the whale determined that it was underweight, and an examination of its stomach revealed a piece of hard plastic, approximately 5 cm by 7.5 cm in size. The plastic piece had sliced through part of the whale’s stomach, which likely contributed to its death. That whale’s skeleton is now at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., and it represents the holotype for the new species.

Current Conservation Efforts

NMFS scientists are in the process of analyzing data recently collected on the abundance, distribution, diet, behavior, and habitat use of Rice’s whales in the Gulf of Mexico. The data, presented at a series of expert workshops convened in October and November 2021, are helping to identify recovery criteria and recovery actions for the Rice’s whale as part of NMFS’s recovery planning efforts to conserve and protect this stock from natural and human-caused threats. These data will also assist in efforts to designate critical habitat for the species under the ESA, and to help update Rice’s whale Biologically Important Areas.

The Future/Next Steps

Actions will be needed to ensure that energy development, fishing, aquaculture, shipping, and other potentially harmful activities are prevented from expanding into Rice’s whale core habitat areas. Additional research is planned to expand acoustic monitoring throughout the Gulf of Mexico to determine if Rice’s whales occur in areas beyond the core habitat identified in the eastern Gulf. Continued visual and acoustic surveys, biological sampling, and trophic studies are needed to understand Rice’s whale foraging and diving behavior, prey preferences and availability, and the potential effects of climate change on this endangered species.